Methods and systems for testing of eyeglasses

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a functionalized textile substrate with cyclodextrins and/or cyclodextrin derivatives and water- and/or oil-repellent agents, which combines the water- and/or oil-repellent functionality with odor-absorbing properties.

The present invention relates to a functionalized textile substrate withcyclodextrins and/or cyclodextrin derivatives and water- and/oroil-repellent agents, which combines the water- and/or oil-repellentfunctionality with odor-absorbing properties.

In the textile field, and in particular in the field of fabrics fordecorating interior, functionalized technical fabrics are used givingthe fiber or textile particular properties that improve or integratethose of the material, hence obtaining new possibilities for the use oftraditional materials.

Cyclodextrins and their derivatives may be used in the textile sectorfor the surface functionalization of fabrics.

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides comprising a number ofD-glucopyranose units that generally varies from 6 to 8 (α-, β- andγ-cyclodextrin, respectively). Cyclodextrins preferably have atruncoconical spatial conformation wherein the hydroxyl functions areplaced outside the ring, making the cyclodextrin molecules soluble in anaqueous environment.

Instead, the inside of the molecule is comprised of a hydrophobic cavityable to include/host apolar or not very polar substances, which arenormally insoluble in water.

The three classes of cyclodextrins (α, β and γ) differ from one anotherdue to the size of the ring and therefore the size of the cavity andtheir solubility in water.

Cyclodextrins may be modified according to different methods, producingdifferent cyclodextrin derivatives: one or more hydrogen atoms of thehydroxyls may be substituted obtaining, for example, esters and ethers;or one or more —CH₂OH groups may be oxidized to carboxyl groups.

The possibility to incorporate cyclodextrins in fabrics without alteringtheir hosting cavities has enabled the chelating properties ofcyclodextrins to be exploited in the textile field; the reactivederivatives of cyclodextrins have been used in the textile field fortreating fibres or fabrics to prevent or reduce bad smells due tosweating.

In a further embodiment, the reactive derivatives of cyclodextrins havebeen used as carriers for organic molecules of various kinds, e.g.fragrances and perfumes, or substances with antimicrobial activity.

Reactive cyclodextrins and their derivatives can be fixed to fabricsdirectly by impregnating the textile, as described for example in patentEP1841315, or by incorporating the cyclodextrins in a thermoplasticpolymer matrix that is transferred onto the surface of the textile asdescribed in Italian patent 1327881.

In this context, the object of the present invention is to propose afunctionalized textile substrate that has odor-absorbing propertiesand/or that emits odorous substances, in particular perfumes orfragrances, in combination with water- and/or oil-repellent properties.

The specified object is substantially reached by a functionalizedtextile substrate comprising the technical characteristics disclosed inone or more of the appended claims.

The present invention therefore relates to a functionalized textilesubstrate comprising:

-   -   at least one cyclic oligosaccharide chosen from a cyclodextrin,        a cyclodextrin derivative and mixtures thereof; and    -   at least one water- and/or oil-repellent agent.

Preferably, the at least one cyclic oligosaccharide may be chosen fromα-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin, α-cyclodextrinderivatives, β-cyclodextrin derivatives, γ-cyclodextrin derivatives andmixtures thereof. Cyclodextrin derivatives with high water solubilityare particularly useful for the realization of the present invention.

More preferably, the at least one cyclic oligosaccharide may be aβ-cyclodextrin derivative having formula

wherein

R may be independently chosen from H and a linear or branched C1-05alkyl group, optionally substituted with hydroxyl, carboxyl and/orphenyl groups, and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one cyclic oligosaccharide maybe (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (CAS: 128446-35-5), preferably witha degree of molar substitution comprised between 0.6 and 1.0 (i.e.0.6-1.0 moles of 2-hydroxypropyl units per mole of glucopyranose).

According to one embodiment, the functionalized textile substrate maycomprise 1-10 g/m², preferably 3-7 g/m² of at least one cyclicoligosaccharide as described above.

Cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives useful for the realization ofthe invention are available on the market.

The term “water- and/or oil-repellent agent” refers in the presentdescription and in the appended claims to a compound or composition ableto make the textile substrate to which it is applied water- and/oroil-repellent.

The water-repellency is obtained by reducing the surface energy of thetextile substrate so that the water collects in compact drops on thesurface, without saturating the substrate. This result may be obtainedwith numerous types of coatings. Preferably, the at least one water-and/or oil-repellent agent is chosen from fluorocarbon resins, siliconeresins, dendrimer resins and mixtures thereof.

Fluorocarbons offer the highest level of water-repellency and are notvery permeable to oils, therefore they are commonly used in resins andin water-repellent and oil-repellent coatings. Furthermore, this type oftreatment does not alter the aesthetic characteristics of the fabrics ortheir pleasant feel. According to one variant, the at least one water-and/or oil-repellent agent may be a fluorocarbon resin normally used inthe textile field to give textile substrates water- and oil-repellentproperties.

Said fluorescent resins are generally aqueous dispersions offluoropolymers based on C6 or C8 or fluorocarbon compounds containing6/8 carbon atoms.

According to one embodiment, the functionalized textile substrate maycomprise from 5 to 50, preferably from 10 to 30 g/m², more preferablyabout 15 g/m², of at least one water- and/or oil-repellent agent asdescribed above.

The functionalized textile substrate according to the present inventionmay be produced during the finishing operations on the substrate usingthe equipment normally found in a company in the textile manufacturingsector, through the immersion of the substrate itself in at least onebath comprising the at least one cyclic oligosaccharide and/or the atleast one water- and/or oil-repellent agents (padding) or throughspraying, both followed by the heat setting of the water- and/oroil-repellent agent.

According to a first variant, the functionalized textile substrate maybe produced in a process, typically a continuous process, whichcomprises:

-   -   the impregnation of the pad substrate by immersion in a bath        containing an aqueous solution comprising the at least one        water- and/or oil-repellent agent, the at least one cyclic        oligosaccharide and optionally, but preferably, also one        surfactant;    -   squeezing the functionalized textile substrate by passing it        through rollers; and    -   heat setting in a stenter at the cross-linking temperature of        the water- and/or oil-repellent agent.

By applying the cyclic oligosaccharide and the water- and/oroil-repellent agent through padding in a single step and heat settingthem in the stenter, it may happen that the water- and/or oil-repellentagent forms a film that includes the cyclic oligosaccharide within it.In this way, it is still physically anchored to the textile substratebut the film may obstruct a part of the cyclic oligosaccharide cavity,hence limiting its odor capturing effect. In fact, a too low percentageof cyclic oligosaccharide available on the surface of the textilesubstrate leads to lack of functioning or to a strong limitation of theodor capturing power of the finished product.

It has been determined experimentally that to have a perceptible odorabsorbing effect, at least 25%, preferably at least 30%, of the cyclicoligosaccharide present on the functionalized substrate must beavailable for complexation.

In a second variant, the finishing process for the production of afunctionalized textile substrate may take place in a double step, in asemi-continuous process comprising:

-   -   first impregnation of the pad substrate by immersion in a bath        containing an aqueous solution comprising the at least one        water- and/or oil-repellent agent;    -   optionally, and preferably, squeezing the substrate by passing        it through rollers;    -   drying the substrate in a stenter at a lower temperature than        the heat setting temperature of the water- and/or oil-repellent        agent;    -   second impregnation of the pad substrate by immersion in a bath        containing an aqueous solution comprising the at least one        cyclic oligosaccharide;    -   optionally, and preferably, squeezing the functionalized textile        substrate by passing it through rollers; and    -   heat setting in a stenter at the cross-linking temperature of        the water- and/or oil-repellent agent.

By appropriately varying the feeding speed of the pad and/or thesqueezing pressure of the rollers it is possible to obtain pick-upvalues comprised between 60% and 90%, preferably between 75% and 90%.

Preferably, in both variants of the padding process described above, theconcentration of the at least one cyclic oligosaccharide in the interval2-20 g/l, more preferably in the interval 5-15 g/l, and theconcentration of the at least one water- and/or oil-repellent agent, maybe comprised within the interval 20-40 g/l, more preferably in theinterval 25-35 g/l.

The pad impregnation of the textile substrate allows both surfaces ofthe substrate to be functionalized in a substantially uniform way.

According to an alternative, an aqueous solution comprising the at leastone water- and/or oil-repellent agent, the at least one cyclicoligosaccharide and optionally, but preferably, also a surfactant may besprayed onto at least one portion of at least one surface of the textilesubstrate in appropriate spraying cabins. The aqueous solution used mayhave a concentration of 15-80 g/l.

After spraying, the substrate is subjected to heat setting in a stenterat the cross-linking temperature of the water- and/or oil-repellentagent.

According to this variant, a functionalized textile substrate may beobtained in which the functionalization, i.e. the at least one cyclicoligosaccharide and the at least one water- and/or oil-repellent agentis present on at least one portion of at least one surface of thesubstrate.

In order for the water- and/or oil-repellent agent not to enter thecavity of the cyclic oligosaccharide compromising the odor-absorbing andcomplexing capacity against the odorous substances, in the preparationof the functionalized textile substrate according to the invention,water- and/or oil-repellent agents are preferably used that are able toform aqueous dispersions of particles having significantly higherdimensions than the dimensions of the cyclic oligosaccharide molecules;preferably the dimensions of the particles of water- and/oroil-repellent particles may be at least 20 times higher than thedimensions of the cyclic oligosaccharide.

Thanks to the heat setting of the water- and/or oil-repellent agent themolecules of cyclic oligosaccharide are fixed in a stable way to thetextile substrate, which maintains the functionalization, i.e. theodor-absorbing and water- and/or oil-repellent characteristics, for longperiods, even when subjected to washing. The odor-absorbing property isfurther particularly advantageous since it allows the functionalizedtextile substrate to absorb or emit odors/fragrances during use.

Furthermore, cyclic oligosaccharides that do not have any affinity forfibers can also be anchored in a stable way to the substrate for therealization of the present invention.

According to a further variant, the functionalized textile substratefurther also comprises at least one odorous substance complexed to saidat least one cyclic oligosaccharide.

The term “odorous substance” refers in the present description and inthe appended claims to a substance that induces a typical sensation,pleasant or unpleasant, for the human sense of smell.

The cyclic oligosaccharides according to the invention may forminclusion complexes with molecules that have appropriate dimensions: theodorous substance (guest molecule) may be included in the cyclodextrinor in the cyclodextrin derivative (host molecule) without significantlychanging the dimensions of the host cavity.

The stability of the complex is measured by the inclusion constant anddepends on the structure of the molecule in question, which must have atleast one hydrophobic pendant or portion. Preferably, the molar ratio ofcyclic oligosaccharide/odorous substance may be 2:1 or 1:1.

Illustrative and non-limitative examples of odorous substances that canbe used in the present invention may be N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide,(R)-(+)-limonene, vanillin, menthol, terpineol, pinene and mixturesthereof.

The functionalized textile support according to this further variant maybe produced according to any one of the methods previously described,wherein the textile substrate is treated with at least one cyclicoligosaccharide complexed to an odorous substance.

The cyclic oligosaccharide/odorous substance inclusion complex may beproduced by dissolving a cyclic oligosaccharide in water and then addingappropriate quantities of odorous substance under agitation.

Alternatively, the cyclic oligosaccharide/odorous substance inclusioncomplex may be formed on the textile already functionalized with thecyclic oligosaccharide, before or after the water- and/or oil-repellentagent heat setting step.

Since on the surface of the functionalized textile substrate a balanceis established between the free form of the cyclic oligosaccharide andthe complexed form, the guest molecule (odorous substance) is graduallyemitted into the environment.

Also, since the host cavity of the cyclic oligosaccharide is notsubstantially modified by the formation of the inclusion complex, it ispossible to “recharge” the functionalized textile substrate with newodorous substances, for example, through the application of sprays ofsolutions containing fragrances or perfumes.

The term “textile substrate” refers in the present description andappended claims to a textile with a warp and weft, knitted textile, ayarn, a wick or a non-woven textile. Therefore, the present inventionrelates to a functionalized textile substrate according to the abovedescription, wherein said substrate is chosen from a textile, a yarn anda non-woven textile.

Furthermore, the functionalized substrate according to the invention maybe realised with fibers chosen from natural fibers, synthetic fibers(techno-fibers made from synthesized fibers), artificial fibers(techno-fibers made from natural polymers) and mixtures thereof.

The natural fibers useful for the realization of the present inventioninclude, for example, cotton, linen, hemp, jute, wool and silk.

The synthetic fibers useful for the realization of the present inventioninclude, for example, acrylic, polyamide, polyester, polypropylene,polyurethane and teflon (Gore-tex).

The artificial fibers useful for the realization of the presentinvention include, for example, rayon, lyocell and viscose.

The functionalized textile substrate according to the present inventionmay be made of 100% synthetic fibers. However, preferably, thefunctionalized substrate may comprise up to 100% natural fibers,preferably cotton.

According to a preferred variant, the functionalized textile substrateaccording to the invention may be a textile substrate for rugs, carpets,curtains, cushions, textile substrates for sofas and armchairs, beds,furniture for the automobile and transport sector, for the clothingsector, for technical uses, such as filtering septa.

The invention is further illustrated below through examples ofembodiments that have an illustrative and non-limitative purpose.

Measurement Methods

Dimensions of the Particles of Water- and/or Oil-Repellent Agent and theMolecules of Cyclic Oligosaccharide:

Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)

Pick-Up:

the pick-up of the textile was calculated using the following formula

${{Pick}\text{-}{{up}\mspace{11mu}\lbrack\%\rbrack}} = {\frac{\left( {{{final}\mspace{14mu} {weight}} - {{intital}\mspace{14mu} {weight}}} \right)}{{initial}\mspace{14mu} {weight}} \times 100}$

after weighing the pad before and after the impregnation treatment.

Theoretical Quantity of Cyclodextrin on the Textile:

calculated using the formula

$\frac{\left( {{{final}\mspace{14mu} {weight}} - {{intital}\mspace{14mu} {weight}}} \right)}{{textfile}\mspace{14mu} {surface}} \times \left( {\% \mspace{14mu} {CONC}_{CD}} \right)$

wherein (% CONC_(CD)) is the concentration of the cyclodextrin in thepadding bath, expressed as a percentage.

Water-Repellency:

test with water/isopropanol solutions (3M Water Repellency Test II,water/alcohol test; INDA Standard Test 80).

Oil-Repellency:

method for resistance to hydrocarbons (AATCC Standard Test Method118-1984 e INDA Standard Test 80.7-92).

Both tests are based on the visual observation of the resistance to thepenetration of drops of various liquids, which cover a given interval ofsurface tensions (y1) deposited on the textile.

The repellency value corresponds to the value assigned to the firstliquid, in y1 decreasing order, which does not wet the surface, i.e. isnot absorbed within a determined time interval (about 5 seconds).

The standard liquids used are listed in the tables below with thecorresponding surface tension values.

Reference standard - water-repellency Composition of the solution γ1Value % i-PrOH % distilled water (mN/m) 1 2 98 57.0 2 5 95 48.2 3 10 9040.6 4 20 80 30.3 5 30 70 24.0 6 40 60 20.5

Reference standard - oil-repellency γ1 Value Hydrocarbon (mN/m) 1 Nujol— 2 65 vol % Nujol n-hexadecane 28 3 n-hexadecane 27.6 4 n-tetradecane26.7 5 n-dodecane 25.4 6 n-decane 23.9 7 n-octane 21.8 8 n-heptane 20.0

Available Cyclodextrin:

the test is based on the decoloration of a phenolphthalein solution witha known titre when placed in contact with a cyclodextrin: when anaqueous solution of phenolphthalein at pH >9 is placed in contact with atextile treated with cyclodextrin, an inclusion complex is formedbetween the molecule of phenolphthalein and the cyclodextrin. Theformation of the complex causes the discoloring of the solution; thevariation of the intensity of the fuchsia coloring may be connected withthe percentage of cyclodextrin available for the formation of thecomplex. The percentage of available cyclodextrin is calculated byimmersing a 10×10 cm sample of textile in a bath containing a knownconcentration (5-7 mg/l) of aqueous solution of phenolphthalein bufferedto pH >9.0 (magenta coloring). The textile is kept immersed in the bath,under agitation, at ambient temperature for 1 hour. Subsequently, thetextile is removed from the bath and the phenolphthalein solution isanalyzed using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 550 nm.

To determine the concentration of the phenolphthalein in solution, acalibration curve of the absorbency values as a function of theconcentration having the equation y=24060x (R²=1) was constructed,starting from phenolphthalein solutions with a known titre(concentration in the range 10⁻⁷-10⁻⁵ mol/l).

The quantity of available cyclodextrin is calculated according to theequation:

$\left\lbrack {g\text{/}m^{2}} \right\rbrack = {\frac{{{ABS}({std})} - {{ABS}({test})}}{24060} \times 1550 \times 100}$

wherein

ABS(std) is the absorbency of a solution placed in contact with atextile substrate containing no cyclodextrin;

ABS(test) is the absorbency of a solution placed in contact with thefunctionalized textile substrate.

The percentage of available cyclodextrin is expressed as the quantity ofavailable cyclodextrin with respect to the initial quantity ofcyclodextrin.

Odor-Absorbing Property:

the odor-absorbing property of the textile is assessed based on asensory analysis, placing a 20×30 cm sample of the functionalizedtextile substrate in a sealable chamber inside which a solution with aknown concentration of the following odorous substances is present on an8 cm diameter watch glass:

Solubility in Vapor Molecule Formula water [g/l] pressure [Pa] DEET

NO 2533 at 160° C. (R)-(+)- Limonene

NO <4 at 14.4° C. Vanillin

10 >1.33 at 25° C. Menthol

NO 10.67 at 20° C.

A reference sample (non-functionalized textile substrate) is placed in asame sealable chamber in which the same odorous substance is diffused.Both chambers are sealed and the air inside the chamber is placed inmovement by appropriate fans (diameter 70 mm; speed: 1000 rpm).

After 15 minutes an aliquot of the air contained inside each chamber istaken out and given to a panel of 10 assessors to smell; the panelattributes a numerical value comprised between 0 and 3 to the sample ofair (test) based on the criteria indicated below, to be compared withthe reference sample (std).

value 0 no difference in intensity between test and std 1 only justperceptible difference in intensity between test and std 2 perceptibledifference in intensity between test and std 3 marked difference inintensity between test and std

EXAMPLE 1

A decorating interior textile having the following characteristics:

Composition: 60% cotton/40% polyester

Weight: 800 g/m

was impregnated in a continuous padding process (speed of the pad: 10m/min.; squeezing pressure: 6 bar) with an aqueous solution comprising:

30 g/l water- and oil-repellent agent (Nanoprove FC2—CHT Bezema);

10 g/l (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin;

0.1-0.5 g/l surfactant (dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid—Sigma Aldrich).

The sample was then subjected to heat setting in a stenter at 130° C.for about 3 minutes.

The characteristics of the water- and oil-repellent agent and thecyclodextrin derivative used are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Cyclic oligosaccharide Chemical name(2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin CAS-No. 128446-35-5 Average molecularweight from 1380 to 1500 g/mol (calculated) Dimensions 1.6 nm(Z-Average; Pdl: 0.301) Solubility in water 2300 g/l at 25° C. Massdensity 0.2-0.3 g/ml Water- and oil-repellent agent DescriptionFluorocarbon dispersion Dimensions 83 nm (Z-Average; Pdl: 0.14) Ioncharacteristic Cation Density 1 g/cm² pH 4-6

Table 2 shows the results of the drop tests for checking the water- andoil-repellency and % of available cyclodextrin, performed on textilesamples (20×30 cm), and absorption of odorous substances, performedaccording to the methods described above.

COMPARISON EXAMPLE 2

Table 2 shows as a comparison the results of the drop test for checkingthe water- and oil-repellency, % of available cyclodextrin andabsorption of odorous substances performed on the textile used in theprevious examples, padded in the same conditions described in example 1using a bath containing an aqueous solution of fluorocarbon resinNanoprove FC2 (conc. 30 g/l) free from cyclodextrin.

TABLE 2 Example 2 Example 1 comparison Water-repellency 5/6 5/6Oil-repellency 4/5 4/5 Initial weight (g) 36.34 36.34 Final weight (g)68.27 65.79 Pick-up [%] 88 81 Quantity of cyclodextrin on 5.32 / textile[g/m²] Bath absorbency 0.1669 0.4479 Conc. of residual 6.93682*10⁻⁶(test) 1.8616*10⁻⁵ (std) phenolphthalein [mol/l] Available cyclodextrin[%] 34 Panel test (mean value from 10 assessors) DEET 1.9 /(R)-(+)-limonene 2.0 / vanillin 2.0 / menthol 1.2 /

EXAMPLE 3

The textile used in example 1 was treated with a semi-continuous processconsisting of:

-   -   a first textile pad impregnation (speed: 10 m/min.) by immersion        in a bath comprising a solution of fluorocarbon resin Nanoprove        FC2 (conc. 30 g/l);    -   squeezing the textile at a pressure of 6 bar    -   pre-drying at a temperature of 70-90° C. the textile in a        stenter for per 5-10 minutes;    -   a second pad impregnation (speed: 10 m/min.) by immersion of the        textile in an aqueous solution of        (2-hydroxypropyl)-11-cyclodextrin as for example 1 (conc. 10        g/l);    -   squeezing the textile at a pressure of 6 bar;    -   heat setting of the functionalizing treatment in the stenter at        the temperature of 130° C. for 3 minutes.

Table 3 shows the results of the drop tests for checking the water- andoil-repellency and % of available cyclodextrin, performed on textilesamples (20×30 cm), and absorption of odorous substances, performedaccording to the methods described above.

COMPARISON EXAMPLE 4

Table 3 shows as a comparison the results of the drop test for checkingthe water- and oil-repellency, % of available cyclodextrin andabsorption of odorous substances performed on the textile used in theprevious examples, padded in the same conditions described in example 2using only one bath containing an aqueous solution of fluorocarbon resinNanoprove FC2 (conc. 30 g/l) free from cyclodextrin.

TABLE 3 Example 4 Example 3 comparison Water-repellency 5/6 /Oil-repellency 4/5 / Initial weight (g) 36.34 36.34 Final weight (g)65.47 65.35 Pick-up [%] 80 80 Quantity of cyclodextrin on 4.86 / textile[g/m²] Bath absorbency 0.2107 0.4642 Conc. of residual 8.75727*10⁻⁶(test) 1.92934*10⁻⁵ (std) phenolphthalein [mol/l] Available cyclodextrin[%] 33 Panel test (mean value from 10 assessors) DEET 2.1 /(R)-(+)-limonene 1.6 / vanillin 1.6 / menthol 1.4 /

The “drop test” highlights that the presence of(2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin does not clearly change the water- andoil-repellency properties that the resin used gives to the textile,either when the functionalization of the substrate takes place in asingle step, or when the cyclodextrin is applied in a second padding ofthe textile.

After the heat setting of the resin, about ⅓ of the cyclodextrinpotentially available remains available to perform an odor-absorbingfunction.

The percentage value of cyclodextrin available to perform anodor-absorbing function obtained with the double step finishing isabsolutely comparable with the value obtained with the single stepfinishing.

1. A method for determining parameters of eyeglasses lens the methodcomprising: obtaining an image of a background object, whereby in atleast a part of the image at least a part of the background object iscaptured as viewed through a lens of a pair of eyeglasses; and analyzingsaid at least a part of the image and identifying a property of thelens; wherein said analyzing comprises comparing two parts of thebackground object as captured in the image, only one of the two partsbeing a part captured through the lens.
 2. (canceled)
 3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the analyzing comprises analyzing a colorcharacteristic of the image by comparing a color characteristic betweensaid two parts of the background object captured in the image andthereby identifying said property, whereby said property pertains to atleast one of the group consisting of having a predefined coating andhaving a predefined filter.
 4. (canceled)
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the property pertains to a driving compatibility of the lens. 6.(canceled)
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the property pertains toopacity of the lens.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprisingidentifying an assembly quality of the eyeglasses based on the analysis.9. The method of claim 1, wherein the analyzing further comprisescomparing sharpness between two parts of the background object ascaptured in the image, only one of the two parts being a part capturedthrough the lens.
 10. (canceled)
 11. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising identifying a predefined deformation along a segment withinthe background object as captured in the image.
 12. The method of claim1, further comprising optimizing color selection for at least a part ofthe background object according to technical characteristics of an imagecapture device intended to be used for capturing the image, a deviceintended to be used for presenting the background object, or of both ofthe devices.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the background objectcomprises a plurality of parts, each part having a respective,predefined color and a respective, predefined position within thebackground object, and the analyzing is based on the respectivepredefined color and position of at least one of the parts.
 14. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the background object comprises a pluralityof parts arranged around a center of the background object, each parthaving a respective, predefined color and a respective, predefined orderof placement around the center, and the analyzing is based on therespective predefined order of placement and color of at least one ofthe parts.
 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising forautomatically identifying an orientation of the background object ascaptured in the image.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein saidautomatically identifying of the orientation of the background objectcaptured in the image comprises using a directional aspect of a textureof the background object as captured in the image.
 17. The method ofclaim 15, further comprising identifying alignment of the backgroundobject as captured in the image in a predefined orientation, andautomatically initiating the analyzing upon the identifying of thealignment in the predefined orientation.
 18. The method of claim 1,further comprising guiding a user in aligning the pair of eyeglasses andan image capture device used to capture the image with respect to eachother.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprises at least one of thefollowing: locating a facial feature in the captured image, and usingthe located facial feature for said guiding of the user; identifyingalignment of the background object as captured in the image, and usingthe identified alignment for said guiding of the user locating aboundary of the lens in the image, and using the located boundary forsaid guiding of the user; automatically estimating a location of acenter of the lens of the eyeglasses in the image, and using theestimated location for said guiding of the user.
 20. The method of claim1, further comprising locating a boundary of the lens in the image. 21.(canceled)
 22. The method of claim 20, further comprising verifying thatthe background object as captured in the image extends over two sides ofthe boundary.
 23. The method of claim 1, further comprisingautomatically estimating a location of a center of the lens of theeyeglasses in the image.
 24. (canceled)
 25. A system for testing ofeyeglasses using a background object, the system comprising: a referenceobject image provider configured and operable for obtaining an image ofa background object, whereby in at least a part of the image at least apart of the background object is captured as viewed through a lens of apair of eyeglasses; an image analyzer configured to analyze an image ofa background object to determine at least said part of the image inwhich at least said part of the background object being captured in theimage as viewed through the lens of the eyeglasses; and a propertyidentifier, in communication with the image analyzer, configured toidentify a property of the lens based on the analyzed image by comparingtwo parts of the background object as captured in the image, only one ofthe two parts being a part captured through the lens.
 26. Anon-transitory computer readable medium storing computer executableinstructions for performing steps of testing of eyeglasses using abackground object, the steps comprising: obtaining an image of abackground object, whereby in at least a part of the image at least apart of the background object is captured as viewed through a lens of apair of eyeglasses; and analyzing said at least a part of the image andidentifying a property of the lens based on the analyzing; wherein saidanalyzing comprises comparing two parts of the background object ascaptured in the image, only one of the two parts being a part capturedthrough the lens.